CorrelationTest

CorrelationTest[{{x1,y1},{x2,y2},…}]

tests whether the correlation coefficient for a bivariate population is zero.

CorrelationTest[{{x1,y1},{x2,y2},…},ρ0]

tests whether the correlation coefficient is ρ0.

CorrelationTest[{{x1,y1},{x2,y2},…},{{u1,v1},{u2,v2},…}]

tests whether the correlation coefficients for two populations are equal.

CorrelationTest[…,"property"]

returns the value of "property".

Details and Options

  • CorrelationTest tests the null hypothesis against the alternative hypothesis :
  • {{{x1,y1},{x2,y2},…},{{u1,v1},{u2,v2},…}}
  • where ρx,y is the population correlation coefficient for {{x1,y1},{x2,y2},…}.
  • By default, a probability value or -value is returned.
  • A small -value suggests that it is unlikely that is true.
  • The data {{x1,y1},…} and {{u1,v1},…} can be any real-valued bivariate matrices.
  • The argument ρ0 can be any real number such that .,
  • CorrelationTest[{{x1,y1},{x2,y2},…},ρ0] will choose the most powerful test that applies to the data.
  • CorrelationTest[…,All] will choose all tests that apply to the data.
  • CorrelationTest[…,"test"] reports the -value according to "test".
  • The following tests can be used:
  • "PearsonCorrelation"based on Pearson product-moment
    "SpearmanRank"based on Spearman's
  • The "PearsonCorrelation" test assumes the data was drawn from a normal distribution.
  • CorrelationTest[…,"HypothesisTestData"] returns a HypothesisTestData object htd that can be used to extract additional test results and properties using the form htd["property"].
  • CorrelationTest[…,"property"] can be used to directly give the value of "property".
  • Properties related to the reporting of test results include:
  • "AllTests"list of all applicable tests
    "AutomaticTest"test chosen if Automatic is used
    "PValue"list of -values
    "PValueTable"formatted table of -values
    "ShortTestConclusion"a short description of the conclusion of a test
    "TestConclusion"a description of the conclusion of a test
    "TestData"list of pairs of test statistics and -values
    "TestDataTable"formatted table of -values and test statistics
    "TestStatistic"list of test statistics
    "TestStatisticTable"formatted table of test statistics
  • The following options can be used:
  • AlternativeHypothesis "Unequal"the inequality for the alternative hypothesis
    SignificanceLevel 0.05cutoff for diagnostics and reporting
    VerifyTestAssumptions Automaticwhat assumptions to verify
  • For tests of correlation, a cutoff is chosen such that is rejected only if . The value of used for the "TestConclusion" and "ShortTestConclusion" properties is controlled by the SignificanceLevel option. This value is also used in diagnostic tests of normality. By default, is set to 0.05.
  • Named settings for VerifyTestAssumptions in CorrelationTest include:
  • "Normality"verify that all data is normally distributed

Examples

open allclose all

Basic Examples  (3)

Test whether the population correlation coefficient is zero:

Test whether the population correlation coefficient is 0.25:

Compare two correlation coefficients:

Report the test statistics and -values in a table:

Scope  (13)

Testing  (9)

Test whether the population correlation coefficient is zero:

The -values are typically large when the true correlation is near zero:

The -values are typically small when the true correlation is not zero:

Test whether the population correlation coefficient is 0.5:

The -values are typically large when the true correlation is near the hypothesized value:

The -values are typically small when the true correlation is far from the hypothesized value:

Compare correlation coefficients from two samples:

The -values are typically large when the correlations are similar:

The -values are typically small when the correlations are dissimilar:

Using Automatic applies the most powerful appropriate test:

The property "AutomaticTest" can be used to determine which test was chosen:

Perform a particular test:

Any number of tests can be performed simultaneously:

Perform all tests appropriate to the data simultaneously:

Use the property "AllTests" to identify which tests were used:

Create a HypothesisTestData object for repeated property extraction:

The properties available for extraction:

Extract some properties from the HypothesisTestData object:

The -value and test statistic from the "PearsonCorrelation" test:

Extract any number of properties simultaneously:

The -value and test statistic from the "SpearmanRank" test:

Reporting  (4)

Tabulate the results from a selection of tests:

A full table of all appropriate test results:

Retrieve the entries from a test table for customized reporting:

The -values are above 0.05, so there is not enough evidence to reject at that level:

Tabulate -values for a test or group of tests:

The -value from the table:

A table of -values from all appropriate tests:

Tabulate test statistics for a test or group of tests:

The test statistic from the table:

A table of test statistics from all appropriate tests:

Options  (8)

AlternativeHypothesis  (2)

A two-sided test is performed by default:

Perform a two-sided test or a one-sided alternative:

A two-sided test:

The two one-sided alternatives:

SignificanceLevel  (3)

Set the significance level for diagnostic tests:

By default, 0.05 is used. The message shows 0.025 because two tests were performed:

Setting the significance level may alter which test is automatically chosen:

A nonparametric test would have been chosen by default:

The significance level is also used for "TestConclusion" and "ShortTestConclusion":

VerifyTestAssumptions  (3)

By default, normality is tested when appropriate:

Diagnostics can be controlled as a group using All or None:

Verify all assumptions:

Check no assumptions:

Diagnostics can be controlled independently:

Check for normality:

Explicitly set the diagnostic result:

Properties & Relations  (5)

The -value is computed using the Fisher transformation of the sample correlation r:

The Fisher transformation with :

The same transformation is used for "SpearmanRank":

A similar transformation is used when comparing correlations:

The statistics are equivalent:

The transformed statistic has an asymptotic standard normal distribution under :

Use IndependenceTest to test for independence between vectors and matrices:

The correlation test works with the time stamps and the values when the input is a TimeSeries:

This is equivalent to:

Possible Issues  (3)

CorrelationTest should not be used to test causation:

The high degree of correlation results from sorting:

Causation does not necessarily imply high correlation, either:

The correlation test will not recognize multivariate TimeSeries:

Test individual components:

Test only the values:

The correlation test will not thread over paths of TemporalData:

Test pathwise each component against times:

Wolfram Research (2012), CorrelationTest, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CorrelationTest.html.

Text

Wolfram Research (2012), CorrelationTest, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CorrelationTest.html.

CMS

Wolfram Language. 2012. "CorrelationTest." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CorrelationTest.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (2012). CorrelationTest. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CorrelationTest.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2024_correlationtest, author="Wolfram Research", title="{CorrelationTest}", year="2012", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CorrelationTest.html}", note=[Accessed: 22-December-2024 ]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2024_correlationtest, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={CorrelationTest}, year={2012}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CorrelationTest.html}, note=[Accessed: 22-December-2024 ]}