Find a robust minimizer for subject to for all such that :

Find a robust minimizer for subject to for all in the interval :

Find a robust minimizer for subject to for all such that :

Find a robust minimizer for subject to for all such that :

Use alternate syntax without an explicit ForAll:

This syntax can be used directly in ParametricConvexOptimization to try particular values of :

Use VectorLessEqual to express several LessEqual inequality constraints at once:

Use v<= to enter the vector inequality in a compact form:

An equivalent form using scalar inequalities:

Use VectorGreaterEqual to express several GreaterEqual inequality constraints at once:

Use v>= to enter the vector inequality in a compact form:

Specify the constraints using a combination of scalar and vector inequalities:

An equivalent form using scalar inequalities:

Use vector variables and vector inequalities to specify the problem:

Minimize the function subject to the constraint for all such that :

Use Indexed to access components of a vector variable, e.g. :

Use constant parameter equations to specify the coefficients of the objective and constraints:

Minimize the function subject to for all such that :

Use Vectors[n,Reals] to specify the dimension of vector variables when needed:

Specify non-negative constraints using NonNegativeReals ():

An equivalent form using vector inequalities:

Specify non-positive constraints using NonPositiveReals ():

Specify bounds using Interval:

Use Evaluate to ensure that the first argument in ForAll gets evaluated when parameters are grouped and assigned to a variable:

Find a robust minimizer for subject to for all in the interval [0,2]:

Mathematically the constraint for all in [0,2] implies that . Thus the problem is equivalent to:

Find a robust minimizer for subject to variable constraints for all such that they are constrained to intervals:

Visualize the minimizer and the variable constraint set for extreme values of . The set of that is feasible for all possible values of the parameters , shown in green, is the intersection of the parametric feasible regions:

Find a robust minimizer for subject to variable constraints for all such that they are constrained to intervals:

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of the parameter and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find a robust minimizer for subject to variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of the parameter and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find a robust minimizer for subject to variable constraints for all such that :

For extreme parameter values , find the range for for which the matrix is positive semidefinite:

Visualize the minimizer and the feasible region (shown in green) formed by intersection of regions produced by varying :

Find a robust minimizer for over variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer and the variable constraint set for extreme values of . The set of that is feasible for all possible values of the parameters is the intersection of all feasible regions (shown in green):

Find a robust minimizer for over variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of the parameter and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find a robust minimizer for over variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find a robust minimizer for over variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find a robust minimizer for over variable constraints for all such that :

Find a robust minimizer for over variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find a robust minimizer for over variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find an approximate robust minimizer for subject to variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of the parameter and the feasible region (shown in green):

Find an approximate robust minimizer for subject to variable constraints for all such that :

Visualize the minimizer, the variable constraint set for extreme values of the parameter and the feasible region (shown in green):

Use Method"CuttingSet" to solve problems whose robust counterparts are not tractable:

Visualize the minimizer and the variable constraint set for two extreme values of the parameter along with the feasible region (shown in green):

Use Method"PolyhedralApproximation" to linearize "NormCone" constraints. This enables approximate solution problems with otherwise intractable robust counterparts:

Visualize the minimizer and the variable constraint set for two extreme values of the parameter:

A smaller Tolerance setting gives a more precise result:

The exact value for this problem can be found by setting :

Compute the error at different Tolerance settings:

Visualize the change in minimum value error with respect to tolerance:

Find the center and radius of the smallest circle that encloses a set of subcircles:

The subcircles are represented by points that are the centers of uncertainty disks:

The objective is to minimize the radius subject to the constraints :

The center and radius of the disk are:

Plot the result:

Find the minimum distance between two disks of radius and centered at and such that the uncertainties are modeled as an ellipsoid :

Let and be the points associated with disks 1 and 2. The objective is to minimize the subject to :

The minimum distance between the two disks with center and radius uncertainties is:

Visualize the positions of the two points, along with some extreme cases of the uncertainty disks:

Find a robust linear fit to data with response subject to interval uncertainty:

The objective is to minimize the error between the input and output subject to the interval uncertainty :

Find slope m and intercept b for a robust fit y=m x+b:

Compare with a simple least-squares fit of the data:

Find fit models for 100 possible realizations of the uncertainty:

Show the envelope of the fit models with the robust fit (black), the simple fit (green) and the data:

Fit a cubic curve to discrete data whose output contains interval uncertainty :

Construct the input matrix using DesignMatrix:

The objective is to minimize the error between the input and output subject to the interval uncertainty :

Find the coefficients associated with each of the bases:

Find fit models for 100 possible realizations of the uncertainty:

Show the envelope of the fit models with the robust fit (black) and the data:

Compare the robust fit (black) and the average model (red) to the exact solution without noise:

The robust fit will tend to have a higher error than the average model:

Fit a cubic curve to discrete data whose instance of measurement (input) is in the uncertain range :

Find the coefficients subject to interval uncertainty on the input matrix:

Show the robust fit with an envelope generated from random instances of the input noise:

Compare the robust fit (black) and the average model (red) to the exact solution without noise:

Find the optimal mix of two drugs for a company to manufacture to maximize profit given uncertainty in extracting the active agents from two different raw materials . The revenue per unit of drugs is:

The company can only store 1000 kg of raw materials:

It requires 90 to 100 hours of manpower to manufacture the two drugs. The company has only 2000 hours of manpower available:

It requires 40 to 50 hours of equipment time to manufacture the two drugs. The company has only 800 hours of equipment time available:

The operational costs for manufacturing the two drugs are 700 and 800, respectively. The raw material costs per kilogram are 100 and 199.9, respectively:

The company has a total budget of $100,000:

The company must manufacture some units of drugs, and therefore must buy some raw materials:

The amounts of active agent extracted from the two raw materials are g/kg and g/kg of raw materials, respectively. The two drugs need 0.5 g/unit and 0.6 g/unit of active agent, respectively:

The objective is to maximize revenue while minimizing purchasing and operational costs:

The optimal mix of drugs is:

The profit, taking the uncertainties into account, is:

Construct a parametric function for the problem:

Without the active agent fluctuations in the raw materials, the second raw material is preferred:

The profit without the uncertainties is:

Taking uncertainties into account, there will be at most a 6% reduction in profit:

The robust solution corresponds to the worst-case scenario of the least amount of active agent being extracted from the raw materials:

To see the advantage of using the robust solution, generate a parametric function with the raw materials and the active agent uncertainty as parameters:

If the raw materials are purchased using the nominal result, i.e. , then the profit may decrease by 21% depending on the amount of active agent that can be extracted from the raw material:

If the raw materials are purchased using robust result, i.e. , then the profit may decrease by at most 6%:

Plot the profit as a function of the active agent that can be extracted from the second raw material:

Find the mix of products to manufacture that maximizes the profits of a company where there is some uncertainty in the manufacturing inputs. The company makes three products. Under ideal conditions, the revenue per unit, cost per unit and maximum capacity are given by:

Each product is made using four machines. The time a machine spends on each product is:

Due to market fluctuations, the revenue generated by each unit of product may decrease by $5:

Accounting for machine downtime, the manufacturing capacity may decrease by 5 units per product:

Each machine can run at most 2400 minutes per week. If a machine is not operational, then it takes at most 120 minutes to return it to working condition:

The cost for repairing any of the four machines increases the cost of each product by $5 per unit:

The profit equals revenue minus cost times the number of units for product :

Gather all the variable constraints:

Gather all the parameter constraints:

Gather all the parameter specifications:

The objective is to maximize the profit. The optimal product mix is given by:

Construct a parametric function for varying the various parameters:

The best-case scenario would involve no revenue decrease or machine downtime and is given by:

The worst-case scenario corresponds to the result obtained by RobustConvexOptimization:

Find the mix of products to manufacture that maximizes the profits of a company that sells three products subject to price and supply fluctuation:

The revenue per unit accounting for price fluctuation of per unit is:

The factory is only open for 100 days. Ideally, it takes 2, 4 or 5 days to make each unit but, due to unexpected delays, the manufacturing time might increase by a day:

Each product contains gold and tin. The total gold and tin available are and units, respectively:

The company incurs a setup cost for each product if that product is manufactured:

Because of the relatively high setup costs, it may be desirable not to manufacture some of the products at all. Let be a decision variable such that if product is manufactured, and otherwise . The limit ensures that if is 0, so is , without limiting the size of more than other constraints do:

The objective is to maximize the profit:

Collect all the variable constraints:

Collect the parameter constraints:

Collect the parameter specifications:

The optimal mix is given by:

Construct a parametric function for varying the various parameters:

The result matches the worst-case scenario, which is given by:

Find the shape of a hanging chain formed by spring links under a vertical load at the end of each link where both the stiffness and equilibrium lengths of the springs are subject to manufacturing uncertainty. The objective is to find the link positions :

The potential energy due to gravity is , where is the vertical load at each end and is gravity:

The potential energy due to the tension in the spring link due to stretching is , where is the stretch in spring link , is the uncertain stiffness of the spring and is the ideal stiffness of the spring. Using , the energy is transformed to :

An additional constraint must be added due to the transformation:

The ends of the linked chain are clamped at positions (0,0) and (2,-1):

Each link has to satisfy the condition , where is the resting length of each spring subject to uncertainty :

The design constant parameters are:

The final objective function is the sum of gravity and spring potential energy that must be minimized:

Find the end points of each of the spring links:

Visualize the shape of the resulting spring chain:

The stretch is greatest for the links near the ends of the link chain. Link 12 has the least elongation:

Find the best combination of six stocks to invest in out of a possible 20 candidate stocks subject to market volatility, so as to maximize return while minimizing risk when there is uncertainty in the mean returns. The expected return values for stock and the covariance between the stocks are:

Due to market fluctuations, the average return value of each stock is subject to an uncertainty :

Let be the percentage of total investment made in stock . The return is given by :

The risk is given by :

Let be a decision vector such that if , then that stock is bought. Six stocks have to be chosen:

The percentage of investment must be greater than 0 and must add to 1:

Find the optimal combination of stocks that minimizes the risk and maximizes return:

The safest optimal combination of stocks is:

The percentages of investment to put into the respective stocks are:

The safe risks and returns are:

Construct a parametric function for varying the various parameters:

The safest optimal stock combination gives the smallest risk and return compared to optimal stocks with random instances of uncertainties:

Find the distribution of capital to invest in six stocks to maximize return while minimizing risk when there is uncertainty in both the mean returns and covariance. The expected return values for stock and the covariance between the stocks are:

Due to market fluctuations, the return value of each stock is subject to an uncertainty :

Let be the percentage of total investment made in stock . The return is given by :

The covariance is extracted from a finite dataset and is also subject to uncertainties :

The risk is given by , and is a risk-aversion parameter:

The objective is to maximize return while minimizing risk for a specified risk-aversion parameter :

The percentage of investment must be greater than 0 and must add to 1:

Compute the returns and corresponding risk for a range of risk-aversion parameters:

Increasing the risk-aversion parameter leads to stock diversification to reduce the risk:

A company wants to open a new factory. The factory needs raw materials from five warehouses. The transportation cost per unit distance, which varies between , between the new factory and warehouses is:

Let be the distance between factory and warehouses The objective is to minimize :

The five warehouses are located at:

The new factory must be located such that :

Find the optimal distances between the new factory and the warehouses:

The new factory location is closer to the warehouses, where the transportation costs are higher:

Find a line that separates two groups of points and where are interval uncertainties:

For separation, set 1 must satisfy and set 2 must satisfy :

The objective is to minimize , which gives twice the thickness between and :

The separating line is:

Visualize the classifier subject along with the box uncertainty for each point:

Increasing the box uncertainty will lead to an infeasible classifier:

Visualizing the sets with the increased uncertainties shows that the two sets have some points whose uncertainty boxes overlap:

Find a quadratic polynomial that separates two groups of 3D points and where are interval uncertainties:

Construct the quadratic polynomial data matrices for the two sets using DesignMatrix:

For separation, set 1 must satisfy and set 2 must satisfy :

Find the separating polynomial by minimizing :

The polynomial separating the two groups of points is:

Plot the polynomial separating the two datasets: